RAID1 Disc Drive upgrade
Tuesday, January 31. 2023
On my home Linux server I ran out of disc space on my 2 TB hard drive. Or, technically speaking there were hundred or so unallocated megs left on my Logical Volume Manager. That translates as I hadn't yet ran out, I was about to run out of space. There was some reserves left, but it would have required some LVM-tinkering to do to unleash what was left into actual use.
---> To hardware shopping!
This is what I got:
That's a pair of 8 TB Seagate Barracudas hooked up into my old-but-trustworthy LSI MegaRAID.
Yeah, you read it right. BIOS is from year 2011. The logical volume / virtual drive created by 90s-looking WebBIOS looks really nice with all those terabytes:
Hint: Don't do what I did and forgot to hook up one S-ATA power cable properly after finalizing installations. The mirrored RAID-1 -drive will need rebuil. On this particular LSI MegaRAID such rebuild takes ~20 hours to complete. Good thing, the drive was fully available during the operation. It did respond bit slowly during rebuild, but that's what spinning platters do anyways.
Amounts of data I seem to have lying around at my home server is a handful. This simple LVM-tinkering sequence of vgextend / pvmove took nearly five hours to complete. This is one of the multiple advantages of having a logical volume, there exists capability to tell at which physical drive a volume resides at.
When I made the purchase order for new drives, I was considering whether I should not use LVM anymore and go for btrfs. Obvious advantage if upgrade would give me even more flexibility on disc space allocation. On negatives, such transition would require for me to copy all data from old LVM/Ext4 drives to new btrfs-drive. LVM's transition simplicity of entire file system without touching individual files did it for me and I chose to not go for The New Thing™.
Hopefully these platters keep spinning for many years to come.
HP Color LaserJet custom X.509 certificate
Monday, January 30. 2023
Update 18th June 2023: See part 2.
One of the pieces of hardware I own and opereate is a HP printer. Most of the time it acts as a ... well, paperweight. Then there is an urgent need to have an A4 with information to be delivered somewhere.
As a keen enthusiast for custom TLS certificates, I always take the option to install one. Especially to a LAN-connected device like printer. This one, however, is broken:
All I can manage from it is: "The format of the file is invalid."
Not so cool. Uh!
For troubleshooting, I looked at Error message "The format of the file is invalid" when attempting to import certificate on HP printer and No more ssl certificate update possible. Both are pretty much stating it doesn't work. Couple years ago in Installing TLS certificates on HP printers automatically the thing worked.
In an attempt to solve this, I exported the generated self-signed key as PKCS #12. Certificate has rather "interesting" crypto, pbeWithSHA1And40BitRC2-CBC, Iteration 2048. That is a seriously obsoleted one! Private key has pbeWithSHA1And3-KeyTripleDES-CBC, Iteration 2048, which is also on the tired side. MAC verification has iteration count 1, which is well aligned with the other insecurity.
No matter what I do, AES, DES, 3-DES, RC2, the PKCS #12 won't import. Neither will CA root cert as PEM.
My conclusion has to be the same: recent firmware upgrades have broken the import.
Multiple hours wasted on that! Darn.
Monitor Arm installation
Sunday, November 20. 2022
This is one of my computing setups at home office:
This one has a MacBook Pro 16" at desk and some extra display real estate on top of it. It's a Samsung 4K screen. As there are other computers on this desk, this display has no room anywhere else and it has to go high.
An open lid of this MBP will take ~24 cm in height. On this particular Samsung, there is couple centimeters of frame. For the display area to start at 24 cm, bottom of screen has to be at ~22 cm. Like this:
Most inexpensive no-brand solutions (like my previous one) at their arm can go up to to 50 cm. Then at the end of arm, there is the VESA mount, which will be attached to back of the monitor. Like this:
Again, on this particular Samsung the VESA D-mount is a 75x75 mm and it is located at nearly at the top of the screen making the bottom go low. Most displays have a 100x100 and the VESA-mount is typically at center of the thing. Looking at the picture, notice how commonly sold monitor arms have both 100x100 and 75x75 end. This Samsung has a really beautiful round space for all connectors and VESA-mount (invisible to user at the back of the thing). Nobody at Samsung thought how a bigger 100x100 mount would fit inside this obviously-too-small-ring. I couldn't use the regular M4 screws and had to use extra long ones.
Here is a picture of the problem with this Samsung's let's-place-the-mount-at-top -design:
When I go to max height of 50 cm on my arm, I'm missing ~3 cm at the bottom. Monitor is only at 19, but need to be at 22 for the MBP's lid to not obstruct anything at the 4K display. Crap! My old arm clearly has grown too small. There is an illustration of the problem:
Should my MBP be a 13" model or Samsung have its mount in a more reasonable location, this old monitor arm would do it for me. To monitor arm shopping, then. This is the one I got:
It's a Kensington SmartFit® One-Touch Height Adjustable Single Monitor Arm. This more expensive baby can go the required height and much more! Problem solved by throwing money at it.
Davis Vantage Vue battery life
Sunday, November 13. 2022
Over three years ago I had to get a new weather station. See my blog post about it.
Yesterday a storm hit and I wanted to see the measured wind and gust speeds. They were zero. As in no wind at all!
This measurement of nothingness vastly differed what my eyeballs and ears could measure. Wind was strong enough to rip shingles of my roof. Any storm effects were also very audible indoors. ---> To troubleshooting the issue.
My indoors console of Davis Vantage Vue reported: Low battery in sensor 1. Darn!
VeeWX web UI confirmed the fact. Signal quality was flaky:
Notice how signal quality would plummet on dark bars (no sunlight) and recover on light bars (sun started shining into the panel). The battery had gotten its share of -30° C winters and +38° C summers. Sustaining Finnish weather isn't easy for man made objects.
I dug up pictures from my 2019 blog post:
It all came back to me vividly. Indeed, in the bottom of the outdoors unit there is a lithium CR-123 battery. Integrated Sensor Suite (or ISS) has a plastic cover which can be easily removed by opening the plastic screw. As the unit is well designed, the battery pack is well protected from rain, sleet and snow.
Next, getting a replacement. Maybe this battery is one of those hard-to-get and possibly expensive ones? To my surprise a lithium CR-123 is easily available:
Pack of two costs 9,90€ on my local hardware store. Not even expensive!
Yet another well-designed feature of a Vantage Vue.
Unfortunately the second battery has its expiry date before 2025 which is the due time of next change. Generally speaking I'd rather power the unit from a cable. That way I wouldn't have to climb to my garage roof at all. Doing the climbing every three years in a reasonably good weather isn't too bad.
MacBook Pro - Fedora 36 sleep wake - part 2
Friday, September 30. 2022
QNAP Stopping Maintenance of TS-419P II (yet again)
Monday, September 19. 2022
Back in 2018, Qnap announced to stop supporting my NAS on December 2020. They walked that date back multiple times and at the time of writing, the EOL date is on October 2022. I hope they don't mean it this time, but am afraid they will:
Recent security advisory QSA-22-24 is warning about DeadBolt Ransomware.
The campaign appears to target QNAP NAS devices running Photo Station with internet exposure.
Apparently, if you published your Photo Station photos to public Internet, your NAS-box was at risk of being encrypted and ransom would be required.
This is something similar what happened back in February 2019, see NAS-201902-13 about details of QNAPCrypt / eCh0raix. If you hadn't patched your Qnap and something crawled past the box, it was possible to brute-force their way into it aaaaand encrypt the files aaaand ransom bitcoin to restore the files. See: New eCh0raix Ransomware Brute-Forces QNAP NAS Devices
Apparently running a NAS is becoming more and more demanding. Maybe I have a wrong brand or something?
MacBook Pro - Fedora 36 sleep wake
Thursday, August 25. 2022
eSIM in iPhone
Friday, July 29. 2022
For vacation / touristing purposes, I did some travel. When leaving the comfort of EU/ETA-region cell phone mobile data changes into something tricky. Most telcos here in Finland offer you 15 GiB of roaming transfer per month inside EU/ETA. As I travelled into post-brexit UK, the gravity of current roaming agreements hit me. For those unaware (like me on London Heathrow airport): nothing works and if works, expect to pay per-GiB on gold bullions.
At hotel, free Wi-Fi was more than welcome addition to their service offering. With that I was able to figure out what the heck happened to my iPhone data and what measures could I take to enable it.
After weighing all the options, my solution was to purchase an eSIM. That's something I never even considered before. Being in "the spot" I just went for Holafly eSIM. I'm 99,9% sure their offering is not the best nor cheapest, their product simply was easily available. Their marketing must be superb!
List of options considered, but abandoned for different reasons included following:
- Not having data in my phone.
- Relying on public Wi-Fis. They were generally available in many sights and locations.
- Enabling non-EU/ETA data roaming on my subscription.
- Purchasing a prepaid SIM from nearby groceries store. They were generally available, not too expensive and easy to obtain.
This is what I paid with a credit card:
$19 USD. Living in Finland, the country most of the mobile stuff was invented at, the price for unlimited 5 day data was horrible. This is what Holafly delivered me via email:
A QR-code! What! Are eSIMs distributed as QR-codes? Really?
More googling revealed: yes, that's correct. An eSIM is essentially a QR-code.
Payload of above matrix barcode would be as follows:
LPA:1$h3a.prod.ondemandconnectivity.com$8083B8A60025B1BA0E92A460388592035501C61BB74516AB176BA714D64AD60B
Studying the topic more with eSIM Whitepaper - The what and how of Remote SIM Provisioning and How Does an eSIM Work? Acronym LPA from the QR-code stands for Local Profile Assistant. Most stuff encoded into a QR-code I've ever seen has some sort of classifier as the initial value, so having something there would be expected. Next section with $-signs contain a hostname to contact followed by a password to provide for a server answering to requests on mentioned hostname to issue details of my newly purchased subscription for my phone. Host h3a.prod.ondemandconnectivity.com translates into 91.240.72.102, property of Thales group.
After walking through iPhone new data profile wizard, this is what I ended up with:
For unknown reason, the name of my eSIM was "Travel". That's something that can be chosen and renamed, even. Taking a look into the settings of my Travel-profile reveals following:
Whoo! That's an Austrian telco 3 subscription. The name "Drei" is German and means three (3). There are number of subsidiaries on 3 or Hutchison 3G Enterprises S.A.R.L., in case you are unaware of such telco group.
Now that I had mobile data, the obvious first thing was to verify where my Internet exit-node was located at. It seemed, my IPv4-range 91.223.100.0/26 was operated by Nexthop AS from Norway. A closer look on their geo-feed at https://geofeed.wgtwo.com/geofeed.csv revealed two network ranges of /26 or 62 available addresses:
# prefix,country_code,region_code,city,postal
91.223.100.0/26,GB,ENG,London,EC2V
91.209.212.0/26,GB,ENG,London,EC2V
Ultimately I was happy. Everything worked well, my iPhone had data connection for maps, googling, mail and iMessage.
To summarize:
- My iPhone is designed in California, USA and manufactured in China.
- I purchased an eSIM from Holafly, a Spanish company.
- I paid US dollars for the product on their website located in an UK server.
- What I got delivered from the purchase was credentials to connect to a French server.
- Response payload of from the French server was an Austrian mobile data subscription.
- Subscription's public Internet exit was located at United Kingdom, operated by a Norwegian company.
That's what I call an international operation! 
PS. If you can hack the above eSIM to work for you, please inform me. It's a pre-paid, so I won't be the one taking the loss.
Post-passwords life: Biometrics for your PC
Monday, July 4. 2022
Last year I did a few posts about passwords, example. The topic is getting worn out as we have established the fact about passwords being a poor means of authentiaction, how easily passwords leak from unsuspecting user to bad people and how you really should be using super-complex passwords which are stored in a vault. Personally I don't think there are many interesting password avenues left to explore.
This year my sights are set into life after passwords: how are we going to authenticate ourselves and what we need to do to get there.
Biometrics. A "password" everybody of us carries everywhere and is readily available to be used. Do the implementation wrong, leak that "password" and that human will be in big trouble. Biometric "password" isn't so easy to change. Impossible even (in James Bond movies, maybe). Given all the potential downsides, biometrics still beats traditional password in one crucial point: physical distance. To authenticate with biometrics you absolutely, positively need to be near the device you're about to use. A malicious cracker from other side of the world won't be able to brute-force their way trough authentication unless they have your precious device at their hand. Even attempting any hacks remotely is impossible.
While eyeballing some of the devices and computers I have at hand:
The pics are from iPhone 7, MacBook Pro and Lenovo T570. Hardware that I use regularily, but enter password rarely. There obviously exists other types of biometrics and password replacements, but I think you'll catch the general idea of life after passwords.
Then, looking at the keyboard of my gaming PC:
Something I use on daily basis, but it really puzzles me why Logitech G-513 doesn't have the fingerprint reader like most reasonable computer appliance does. Or generally speaking, if not on keyboard could my self assembled PC have a biometric reader most devices do. Why must I suffer from lack of simple, fast and reliable method of authentication? Uh??
Back-in-the-days fingerprint readers were expensive, bulky devices weren't that accurate and OS-support was mostly missing and injected via modifying operating system files. Improvements on this area is something I'd credit Apple for. They made biometric authentication commonly available for their users, when it became popular and sensor prices dropped, others followed suit.
So, I went looking for a suitable product. This is the one I ended up with:
A note: I do love their "brief" product naming! 
It is a Kensington® VeriMark™ Fingerprint Key supporting Windows Hello™ and FIDO U2F for universal 2nd-factor authentication. Pricing for one is reasonable, I paid 50€ for it. As I do own other types of USB/Bluetooth security devices, what they're asking for one is on par with market. I personally wouldn't want a security device which would be "cheapest on the market". I'd definitely go for a higher price range. My thinking is, this would be the appropriate price range for these devices.
Second note: Yes, I ended up buying a security device from company whose principal market on mechanical locks.
Here is one of those lock slots on the corner of my T570:
From left to right, there is a HDMI-port, Ethernet RJ-45 and a Kensington lock slot. You could bolt the laptop into a suitable physical object making the theft of the device really hard. Disclaimer: Any security measure can be defeated, given enough time.
Back to the product. Here is what's in the box:
That would be a very tiny USB-device. Similar sized items would be your Logitech mouse receiver or smallest WiFi dongles.
With a Linux running lsusb, following information can be retrieved:
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 06cb:0088 Synaptics, Inc.
Doing the verbose version lsusb -s 1:6 -vv, tons more is made available:
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 06cb:0088 Synaptics, Inc.
Device Descriptor:
bLength 18
bDescriptorType 1
bcdUSB 2.00
bDeviceClass 255 Vendor Specific Class
bDeviceSubClass 16
bDeviceProtocol 255
bMaxPacketSize0 8
idVendor 0x06cb Synaptics, Inc.
idProduct 0x0088
bcdDevice 1.54
iManufacturer 0
iProduct 0
iSerial 1 -redacted-
bNumConfigurations 1
Configuration Descriptor:
bLength 9
bDescriptorType 2
wTotalLength 0x0035
bNumInterfaces 1
bConfigurationValue 1
iConfiguration 0
bmAttributes 0xa0
(Bus Powered)
Remote Wakeup
MaxPower 100mA
Interface Descriptor:
bLength 9
bDescriptorType 4
bInterfaceNumber 0
bAlternateSetting 0
bNumEndpoints 5
bInterfaceClass 255 Vendor Specific Class
bInterfaceSubClass 0
bInterfaceProtocol 0
iInterface 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x01 EP 1 OUT
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes
bInterval 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes
bInterval 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x82 EP 2 IN
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes
bInterval 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN
bmAttributes 3
Transfer Type Interrupt
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0008 1x 8 bytes
bInterval 4
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x84 EP 4 IN
bmAttributes 3
Transfer Type Interrupt
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0010 1x 16 bytes
bInterval 10
Device Status: 0x0000
(Bus Powered)
So, this "Kensington" device is ultimately something Synaptics made. Synaptics have a solid track-record with biometrics and haptic input, so I should be safe with the product of my choice here.
For non-Windows users, the critical thing worth mentioning here is: There is no Linux support. There is no macOS support. This is only for Windows. Apparently you can go back to Windows 7 even, but sticking with 10 or 11 should be fine. A natural implication for being Windows-only leads us to following: Windows Hello is mandatory (I think you should get the hint from the product name already).
Without biometrics, I kinda catch the idea with Windows Hello. You can define a 123456-style PIN to log into your device, something very simple for anybody to remember. It's about physical proximity, you need to enter the PIN into the device, won't work over network. So, that's kinda ok(ish), but with biometrics Windows Hello kicks into a high gear. What I typically do, is define a rather complex alphanumeric PIN to my Windows and never use it again. Once you go biometrics, you won't be needing the password. Simple!
Back to the product. As these Kensington-people aren't really software-people, for installation they'll go with the absolutely bare minimum. There is no setup.exe or something any half-good Windows developer would be able to whip up. A setup which would execute pnputil -i -a synaWudfBioUsbKens.inf with free-of-charge tools like WiX would be rather trivial to do. But noooo. Nothing that fancy! They'll just provide a Zip-file of Synaptics drivers and instruct you to right click on the .inf-file:
To Windows users not accustomed to installing device drivers like that, it is a fast no-questions-asked -style process resulting in a popup:
When taking a peek into Device Manager:
My gaming PC has a biometric device in it! Whoo!
Obviously this isn't enough. Half of the job is done now. Next half is to train some of my fingers to the reader. Again, this isn't Apple, so user experience (aka. UX) is poor. There seems not to be a way to list trained fingers or remove/update them. I don't really understand the reasoning for this sucky approach by Microsoft. To move forward with this, go to Windows Settings and enable Windows Hello:
During the setup-flow of Windows Hello, you'll land at the crucial PIN-question:
Remeber to Include letters and symbols. You don't have to stick with just numbers! Of course, if that suits your needs, you can.
After that you're set! Just go hit ⊞ Win+L to lock your computer. Test how easy it is to log back in. Now, when looking at my G-513 it has the required feature my iPhone 7, MBP and Lenovo has:
Nicely done!
Playstation 5
Monday, December 27. 2021
With bit of a lucky strike, I got a possibility of purchasing one. Ok, lots of luck happened. Bottom line: now I own one of the most coveted gaming consoles. For anybody reading this in 2023 (or after) this entire lack of Playstations will be mostly ignored.
Some unboxing pics:
Notice the power button is the at the bottom of the PS5 unit. From top to down there are two ports USB-A and USB-C. Then there are two buttons, eject and power. The glare from plastic makes taking pictures of the buttons very difficult, so the power button is not that well visible.
Back of the unit:
Two USB-A 3.0 ports, gigabit Ethernet, HDMI and power IEC C7/C8 -connector.
Controller charger port has chaged, again:
In PS3, there was mini-USB, PS4 had micro-USB and now there is USB-C. For an owner of all three mentioned consoles, I just "love" finding the correct cable for charging.
The good thing is, this controller is fully supported in Windows via DS4Windows to enable X-box controller emulation:
The bad thing about DS4Windows is for the software author Mr. Nickles (aka. Ryochan7) got pissed about the issues posted to the project's GitHub page https://github.com/Ryochan7/DS4Windows, so he decided to cease working on it. Luckily there are fans of the software, hence fork https://github.com/shazzaam7/DS4Windows. It is still uknown if this software will be supported and if yes, for how long.
After getting the thing running, the lack of content hit me. Pretty much everything I tried was from my PS4. For example Gran Turismo Sport (the PS4-version) works ok. And on March 4th I will get more native-PS4 content in form of Gran Turismo 7. But until then, it's just a super-fast PS4 for me.
Update:
I did pre-order Gran Turismo 7 which is to be released in beginning of March 2022.
macOS Monterey upgrade
Monday, November 1. 2021
macOS 12, that one I had been waiting. Reason in my case was WebAuthN. More about that is in my article about iOS 15.
The process is as you can expect. Simple.
Download is big-ish, over 12 gigabytes:
After the wait, an install will launch. At this point I'll typically quit to create the USB-stick. This way I'll avoid downloading the same thing into all of my Macs.
To create the installer, I'll erase an inserted stick with typical command of:
diskutil partitionDisk /dev/disk2 1 GPT jhfs+ "macOS Monterey" 0b
Then change into /Applications/Install macOS Monterey.app/Contents/Resources and run command:
./createinstallmedia \
--volume /Volumes/macOS\ Monterey/ \
--nointeraction
It will output the customary erasing, making bootable, copying and done as all other macOSes before this:
Erasing disk: 0%... 10%... 20%... 30%... 100%
Making disk bootable...
Copying to disk: 0%... 10%... 20%... 30%... 40%... 50%... 60%... 70%... 80%... 90%... 100%
Install media now available at "/Volumes/Install macOS Monterey"
Now stick is ready. Either boot from it, or re-run the Monterey installed from App Store.
When all the I's have been dotted and T's have been crossed, you'll be able to log into your newly upgraded macOS and verify the result:
At this point disappointment hit me. The feature I was looking for, WebAuthN or Syncing Platform Authenticator as Apple calls it wasn't available in Safari. To get it working, follow instructions in Apple Developer article Supporting Passkeys. First enable Developer-menu for your Safari (if you haven't already) and secondly, in it:
Tick the box on Enable Syncing Platform Authenticator. Done! Ready to go.
Now I went to https://webauthn.io/, registered and account with the Mac's Safari, logged in with WebAuthN to confirm it works on the Mac's Safari. Then I took my development iPhone with iOS 15.2 beta and with iOS Safari went to the same site and logged in using the same username. Not using a password! Nice.
Maybe in near future WebAuthN will be enabled by default for all of us. Now unfortunate tinkering is required. Anyway, this is a really good demo how authentication should work, cross-platform, without using any of the insecure passwords.
WebAuthN Practically - iOS 15
Monday, September 20. 2021
As Apple has recently released iOS 15, and iPadOS 15 and macOS 12 will be released quite soon. Why that is important is for Apple's native support for WebAuthN. In my WebAuthN introduction -post there is the release date for the spec: W3C Recommendation, 8 April 2021. Given the finalization of the standard, Apple was the first major player to step forward and start supporting proper passwordless authentication in it's operating systems. For more details, see The Verge article iOS 15 and macOS 12 take a small but significant step towards a password-less future.
For traditional approach with USB-cased Yubikey authenticator, see my previous post.
Registration
Step 1: Enter the username you'd like to register as.
Step 2: Go for Register
Step 3: Your browser will need a confirmation for proceeding with registration.
In Apple's ecosystem, the private key is stored into Apple's cloud (what!?). To allow access to your cloud-based secerts-storage, you must enter your device's PIN-code and before doing that, your permission to proceed is required.
Note: The option for "Use Security Key" is for using the Yubikey in Lightning-port. Both are supported. It is entirely possible to login using the same authenticator with a USB-C in my PC or Mac and Lightning with my iPhone or iPad.
Step 4: Enter your device PIN-code
Step 5: You're done! Now you have successfully registered.
Best part: No passwords! Private key is stored into Syncing Platform Authenticator. Btw. weird name that for WebAuthN in Apple-lingo. Ok, to be honest, WebAuthN is a mouthful too.
This was couple steps simpler than with Yubikey. Also there is the benefit (and danger) of cloud. Now your credential can be accessed from your other devices too.
Login
Step 1: Enter the username you'd like to log in as.
Step 2: Go for Login
Step 3: Your browser will need a confirmation for proceeding with login. A list of known keys and associated user names will be shown.
Step 4: Enter your device PIN-code
Step 5: You're done! Now you have successfully logged in.
Best part: No passwords!
That's it. Really.
Finally
I don't think there is much more to add into it.
In comparison to Yubikey, any of your Apple-devices are authenticators and can share the private key. Obviously, you'll need iOS 15 or macOS 12 for that support.
WebAuthN Practically - Yubikey
Sunday, September 19. 2021
Basics of WebAuthN have been covered in a previous post. Go see it first.
As established earlier, WebAuthN is about specific hardware, an authenticator device. Here are some that I use:
These USB-A / USB-C / Apple Lightning -connectibe Yubikey devices are manufactured by Yubico. More info about Yubikeys can be found from https://www.yubico.com/products/.
To take a WebAuthN authenticator for a test-drive is very easy. There is a demo site run by Yubico at https://demo.yubico.com/ containing WebAuthN site. However, as a personal preference I like Duo Security's demo site better. This Cisco Systems, Inc. subsidiary specializes on multi-factor authentication and are doing a great job running a WebAuthN demo site at https://webauthn.io/.
Registration
This illustrated guide is run using a Firefox in Windows 10. I've done this same thing with Chrome, Edge (the chromium one) and macOS Safari. It really doesn't differ that much from each other.
In every website, a one-time user registration needs to be done. This is how WebAuthN would handle the process.
Step 1: Enter the username you'd like to register as.
Step 2: Go for Register
Step 3: Your browser will need a confirmation for proceeding with registration.
The main reason for doing this is to make you, as the user, aware that this is not a login. Also the authenticator devices typically have limited space for authentication keys available. For example: Yubikeys have space for 25 keys in them. The bad thing about limited space is because of high level of security yielding low level of usability. You cannot list nor manage the keys stored. What you can do is erase all of them clean.
Step 4: Insert your authenticator into your computing device (PC / Mac / mobile).
If authenticator is already there, this step will not be displayed.
Step 5: Enter your authenticator PIN-code.
If you have not enabled the second factor, this step won't be displayed.
To state the obvious caveat here, anybody gaining access to your authenticator will be able to log in as you. You really should enable the PIN-code for increased security.
Step 6: Touch the authenticator.
The physical act of tringgering the registration is a vital part of WebAuthN. A computer, possibly run by a malicious cracker, won't be able to use your credentials without human interaction.
Step 7: You're done! Now you have successfully registered.
Best part: No passwords!
In this Duo Security test site, the sandbox will be raked on daily basis. Natually on a real non-demo site your information will be persisted much longer. Also note how your contact information like, E-mail address, mobile number or such wasn't asked. A real site would obviously query more of your personal details. Secondly, WebAuthN best practice is to have multiple authenticators associated with your user account. If you happen to misplace the device used initially for registration, having a backup(s) is advisable.
Next, let's see how this newly created user account works in a practical login -scenario.
Login
Step 1: Enter the username you'd like to log in as.
Step 2: Go for Login
Step 3: Insert your authenticator into your computing device (PC / Mac / mobile).
If authenticator is already there, this step will not be displayed.
Step 4: Enter your authenticator PIN-code.
If you have not enabled the second factor, this step won't be displayed.
Step 5: Touch the authenticator.
Again, human is needed here to confirm the act of authentication.
Step 6: You're done! Now you have successfully logged in.
Best part: No passwords!
Note how the public key can be made, well... public. It really doesn't make a difference if somebody else gets a handle of my public key.
Closer look into The Public Key
As established in the previous post, you can not access the private key. Even you, the owner of the authenticator device, can not access that information. Nobody can lift the private key, possibly without you knowing about it. Just don't lose the Yubikey.
Public-part of the key is known and can be viewed. The key generated by my Yubikey in PEM-format is as follows:
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAERbbifY+euxnszcMis99CsnH81Bhd
3EEG9B2Oh8VpgZPdFlF1OQ8FEbfuSxbbAK+l0mUOb7pJCODDUDqZ9lLrMw==
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
Popping the ASN.1 cork with a openssl ec -pubin -noout -text -in webauthn-pem.key will result:
read EC key
Public-Key: (256 bit)
pub:
04:45:b6:e2:7d:8f:9e:bb:19:ec:cd:c3:22:b3:df:
42:b2:71:fc:d4:18:5d:dc:41:06:f4:1d:8e:87:c5:
69:81:93:dd:16:51:75:39:0f:05:11:b7:ee:4b:16:
db:00:af:a5:d2:65:0e:6f:ba:49:08:e0:c3:50:3a:
99:f6:52:eb:33
ASN1 OID: prime256v1
NIST CURVE: P-256
From that we learn, the key-pair generated is an ECDSA 256-bit. Known aliases for that are secp256r1, NIST P-256 and prime256v1. That weird naming means elliptic curves, aka. named curves.
For those into math, the actual arithmetic equation of secp256r1 -named curve can be viewed in an open-source book by Svetlin Nakov, PhD at https://cryptobook.nakov.com/. All the source code in this freely available book are at https://github.com/nakov/practical-cryptography-for-developers-book. The mathemathical theory how WebAuthN signs the messages is described in detail at https://cryptobook.nakov.com/digital-signatures/ecdsa-sign-verify-messages.
Back to those "pub"-bytes. Reading RFC5480 indicates out of those 65 bytes, the first one, valued 04, indicates this data being for an uncompressed key. With that information, we know rest of the bytes are the actual key values. What remains is a simple act of splitting the remaining 64 bytes into X and Y, resulting two 32-byte integers in hex:
X: 45b6e27d8f9ebb19eccdc322b3df42b271fcd4185ddc4106f41d8e87c5698193
Y: dd165175390f0511b7ee4b16db00afa5d2650e6fba4908e0c3503a99f652eb33
A simple conversion with bc will result in decimal:
X: 31532715897827710605755558209082448985317854901772299252353894644783958819219
Y: 100000572374103825791155746008338130915128983826116118509861921470022744730419
Yes, that's 77 and 78 decimal numbers in them. Feel free to go after the prime number with that public information!
Finally
The mantra is: No passwords.
With WebAuthN, you'll get hugely improved security with multiple authentication factors built into it. What we need is this to spread and go into popular use!
Wi-Fi 6 - Part 2 of 2: Practical wireless LAN with Linksys E8450
Sunday, August 15. 2021
There is a previous post in this series about wireless technology.
Wi-Fi 6 hardware is available, but uncommon. Since its introduction three years ago, finally it is gaining popularity. A practial example of sometimes-difficult-to-obtain part is an USB-dongle. Those have existed at least 15 years now. There simply is none with Wi-Fi 6 capability.
Additional twist is thrown at me, a person living in EU-reagion. For some weird (to me) reason, manufacturers aren't getting their radio transmitters licensed in EU. Only in US/UK. This makes Wi-Fi 6 appliance even less common here.
When I throw in my absolute non-negotiable requirement of running a reasonable firmware in my access point, I'll limit my options to almost nil. Almost! I found this in OpenWRT Table-of-Hardware: Linksys E8450 (aka. Belkin RT3200) It is an early build considered as beta, but hey! All of my requirements align there, so I went for it in Amazon UK:
Wi-Fi 6 Access Point: Belkin RT3200
Couple of days waiting for UPS delivery, and here goes:
This is exactly what I wanted and needed! A four-port gigabit switch for wired LAN, incoming Internet gigabit connector. 12 VDC / 2 A barrel connector for transformer. Given UK power plugs are from 1870s they're widely incompatible with EU-ones. Luckily manufacturers are aware of this and this box contains both UK and EU plugs in an easily interchangeable form. Thanks for that!
Notice how this is a Belkin "manufactured" unit. In reality it is a relabled Linksys RT3200. Even the OpenWRT-firmware is exactly same. Me personally, I don't care what the cardobard box says as long as my Wi-Fi is 6, is fast and is secure.
Illustrated OpenWRT Installation Guide
The thing with moving away from vendor firmware to OpenWRT is that it can be tricky. It's almost never easy, so this procedure is not for everyone.
To achieve this, there are a few steps needed. Actual documentation is at https://openwrt.org/toh/linksys/e8450, but be warned: amount of handholding there is low, for newbie there is not much details. To elaborate the process of installation, I'm walking trough what I did to get me OpenWRT running in the box.
Step 0: Preparation
You will need:
- Linksys/Belkin RT3200 access point
- Wallsocket to power the thing
- A computer with Ethernet port
- Any Windows / Mac / Linux will do, no software needs to be installed, all that is required is a working web browser
- Ethernet cable with RJ-45 connectors to access the access point's admin panel via LAN
- OpenWRT firmware from https://github.com/dangowrt/linksys-e8450-openwrt-installer
- Download files into a laptop you'll be doing your setup from
- Linksys-compatible firmware is at at:https://github.com/dangowrt/linksys-e8450-openwrt-installer/releases, get
openwrt-mediatek-mt7622-linksys_e8450-ubi-initramfs-recovery-installer.itb - Also download optimized firmware
openwrt-mediatek-mt7622-linksys_e8450-ubi-squashfs-sysupgrade.itb
- Skills and rights to administer your workstation to have its Ethernet port a fixed IPv4-address from net 192.168.1.1/24
- Any other IPv4 address on that net will do, I used 192.168.1.10
- No DNS nor gateway will be needed for this temporary setup
Make sure not to connect the WAN / Internet into anything. The Big Net is scary and don't rush into that yet. You can do that later when all installing and setupping is done.
Mandatory caution:
If you just want to try OpenWrt and still plan to go back to the vendor firmware, use the non-UBI version of the firmware which can be flashed using the vendor's web interface.
Process described here is the UBI-version which does not allow falling back to vendor firmware.
Step 1: Un-box and replace Belkin firmware
After plugging the Access Point to a wall socket, flicking the I/O-switch on, attaching an Ethernet cable to one of the LAN-switch ports and other end directly to a laptop, going to http://192.168.1.1 with your browser will display you something like this:
What you need to do is try to exit the out-of-box-experience setup wizard:
For the "Ethernet cable is not connected" you need to click Exit. When you think of the error message bit harder, if you get the message, your Ethernet IS connected. Ok, ok. It is for the WAN Ethernet, not LAN.
Notice how setup "did not complete succesfully". That is fully intentional. Click "Do not set up". Doing that will land you on a login:
This is your unconfigured admin / admin -scenario. Log into your Linksys ... erhm. Belkin.
Select Configuration / Administration / Firmware Upgrade. Choose File. Out of the two binaries you downloaded while preparing, go for the ubi-initramfs-recovery-installer.itb. That OpenWRT firmware file isn't from manufacturer, but the file is packaged in a way which makes it compatible to allow easy installation:
On "Start Upgrade" there will be a warning. Click "Ok" and wait patiently for couple minutes.
Step 2: Upgrade your OpenWRT recovery into a real OpenWRT
When all the firmware flashing is done, your factory firmware is gone:
There is no password. Just "Login". An OpenWRT welcome screen will be shown:
Now that you're running OpenWRT, your next task is to go from recovery to real thing. I'm not sure if I'll ever want to go back, but as recommended by OpenWRT instructions, I did take backups of all four mtdblocks: bl2, fip, factory and ubi. This step is optinal:
When you're ready, go for the firmware upgrade. This time select openwrt-mediatek-mt7622-linksys_e8450-ubi-squashfs-sysupgrade.itb:
To repeat the UBI / non-UBI firmware: This is the UBI-version. It is recommended as it has better optimization for layout and management of SPI flash, but it does not allow fallbacking to vendor firmware.
I unchecked the "Keep settings and retain the current configuration" to make sure I got a fresh start with OpenWRT. On "Continue", yet another round of waiting will occur:
Step 3: Setup your wireless AP
Déjà vu!
You have seen this exact screen before. Login (there is no password yet):
Second time, same screen but with this time there is a proper firmware in the AP. Go set the admin account properly to get rid of the "There is no password set on this router" -nag. Among all settings, go to wireless configuration to verify both 2.4 and 5 GHz radios are off:
Go fix that. Select "Edit" for the 5 GHz radio and you'll be greeted by a regular wireless access point configuration dialog. It will include section about wireless security:
As I wanted to improve my WLAN security, I steer away from WPA2 and went for a WPA3-SAE security. Supporting both at the same time is possible, but securitywise it isn't wise. If your system allows wireless clients to associate with a weaker solution, they will.
Also for security, check KRACK attack countermeasures. For more details on KRACK, see: https://www.krackattacks.com/
When you've done, you should see radio enabled on a dialog like this:
Step 4: Done! Test.
That's it! Now you're running a proper firmware on our precious Wi-Fi 6 AP. But how fast it is?
As I said, I don't have many Wi-Fi 6 clients to test with. On my 1 gig fiber, iPad seems to be pretty fast. Also my Android phone speed is ... well ... acceptable.
For that speed test I didn't even go for the "one foot distance" which manufacturers love to do. As nobody uses their mobile devices right next to their AP, I tested this on a real life -scenario where both AP and I were located the way I would use Internet in my living room.
Final words
After three year wait Wi-Fi 6 is here! Improved security, improved speed, improved everything!
Wi-Fi 6 - Part 1 of 2: Brief primer on wireless LAN
Friday, August 13. 2021
Wi-Fi. Wireless LAN / WLAN. Nobody wants to use their computing appliance with cords. Yeah, you need to charge them regularily (with a cord or wireless charger). To access The Internet, we all love, is less on wires. The technologies for going wire-less are either mobile data (UMTS / LTE / 5G) or Wi-Fi. Funny how 20 years ago there was no real option, but thanks to advances in technology we're at the point where all you need in life is a working Wi-Fi connection.
Wi-Fi Symbols
Back in 2018 Wi-Fi Alliance® came up wiith this new naming scheme and baptized their latest (sixth) generation as Wi-Fi 6. At the same time, they retro-actively baptized their previous technologies as 5, 4, and so on (3rd gen. or older isn't really used anymore). In their website https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi they depict Wi-Fi generations as follows:
Most typically, you're running on Wi-Fi 5. That's with an 802.11ac transmitter. If you never left 2.4 GHz band there is a likelihood you're still stuck on Wi-Fi 4 with ~10 years old access point. There is wery low chance you're still on Wi-Fi 3, that hardware is nearly 20 years old. Not many consumer-grade electronics last that long.
A practical example on how operating system might use the Wi-Fi symbols from Android. This is what my phone used to look like until some random product owner at Google decided that those symbols are too confusing, dropped them in an OS upgrade and now my Nokia 5.3 won't display the numbers anymore:
Android / Nokia devs: Please, put those numbers back!
Apple devs: Please, put Wi-Fi generation numbers into wireless networks.
Wi-Fi 5+ Radio Bandwidth
Anyway, the 2.4 GHz band is pretty much dead. Don't miss the fact there are no advances happening on lower Wi-Fi -band. All the new stuff like Wi-Fi 6 is only on 5 GHz band. This will only affect people trying to use and old phone or laptop and realize it won't connect.
Reason why 2.4 GHz has been abandoned is obvious: your next door neighbour's microwave oven, nearby babymonitors, all Bluetooth stuff and the guy parking his car blipping the keyfob to lock the doors on the street are using that exact same band. Ok ok, a microwave oven shouldn't emit any signal outside, but still the fact reamains, it uses the same band. As an example of 2.4 GHz band traffic, I've personally been in an apartment building with 50+ wireless networks, when counting also nearby buildings, 100+ networks were visible on Wi-Fi search. With an iPhone, if using a proper antenna a search would yield 200-300 networks. All that on a 100-200 meter radius. Yes, that's crowded.
That much traffic on a narrow band results in nobody getting a proper Internet connection. Unless.... you're at 5 GHz band which can take the hit, won't have babymonitors nor microwave owens.
So, for Wi-Fi 5/6: bye bye 2.4, 5 GHz it is.
Wi-Fi 5 and 6 Speeds
There is an excellent article at Duckware titled Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E (802.11 n/ac/ax). I'm borrowing two tables from it:
These tables depict the theoretical maximum speeds available at various multiple in/out transmissions (MIMO) aka. simultaneous radios. What a "radio" means in this context is the number of radios/antennas used by the access point and your client. Wi-Fi 4 is intentionally not in this comparison. It was the first generation to be able to utilize MIMO, but it lacked the modern modulation, had less subcarriers and used larger guard interval. Maximum transmission speed for 4-radio 5 GHz Wi-Fi 4 was 600 Mbit/s (1000 for non-standard), much less for 2.4 GHz. By looking at the table Wi-Fi 6 can reach that using a single radio, Wi-Fi 5 with two. So, not reallly a fair comparison.
How many simultaneous radios are you currently using depends. Your current Wi-Fi -connection may be using 1, 2, 3 or 4 radios/antennas, but it depends on how many exist in your access point and phone/laptop. The more expensive hardware you have, number of radios used increases.
Advanced topic: If you really really want to study why Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6 speeds differ, there is a really good explanation on how OFDM and OFDMA modulations differ. Most people wouldn't care, but I majored in that stuff back-in-the-university-days.
Wi-Fi 5+ Dynamic Rate Selection
Besides hardware/radios/modulation Wi-Fi 5 introduced CWAP or Dynamic Rate Selection. Read more about that in this article. To state the obvious, also Wi-Fi 6 (and upcoming 7) will be using this.
Dynamic rate selection improves total bandwidth utilization in access point as clients need to declare the amount needed. If you'lre leeching warez via Wi-Fi, your client-radio will announce to access point: "Hey AP! This guy will be leeching warez, gimme a lot of bandwidth." Then access point will allocate you a bigger slice of the pie. When you leeching is done, your radio will announce: "I'm done downloading, won't be needing much bandwidth anymore." Then somebody else at the same access point can get much more. This type of throttling/negotiation vastly improves the actual bandwidth usage when multiple clients are associated with the same wireless network. Please note: "a client" is any Wi-Fi -connected device including your phone, laptop, fridge and bot-vacuum.
Practical example from Windows 10:
On an idle computer, running netsh wlan show interfaces resulted:
There is 1 interface on the system:
Name : WiFi
Description : Intel(R) Dual Band Wireless-AC 8265
State : connected
Network type : Infrastructure
Radio type : 802.11ac
Authentication : WPA2-Personal
Cipher : CCMP
Connection mode : Profile
Channel : 60
Receive rate (Mbps) : 1.5
Transmit rate (Mbps) : 1.5
Signal : 92%
Then while downloading couple gigabytes of Apple iOS upgrade:
There is 1 interface on the system:
Name : WiFi
Description : Intel(R) Dual Band Wireless-AC 8265
State : connected
Network type : Infrastructure
Radio type : 802.11ac
Authentication : WPA2-Personal
Cipher : CCMP
Connection mode : Profile
Channel : 60
Receive rate (Mbps) : 400
Transmit rate (Mbps) : 400
Signal : 94%
Notes:
Using Wi-Fi 5, radio type is 802.11ac. This article is about Wi-Fi 6!
Receive / transmit rate varies from 1.5 Mbit/s to 400 Mbit/s depending on the need.
How dynamic rate allocation can be determined in Linux or macOS, I have no idea. If you do, please, drop a comment.
Wi-Fi 6 Security
When looking wifi security today, WPA/WPA2 is broken. WPA2 was introduced in 2004 with Pre-Shared Key (PSK). Later in 2010 WPA Enterprise Authentication Protocol (EAP) was introduced and it is still considered secure. For a home user like you and me, EAP is very difficult to setup and maintain. Hint: the word "enterprise" says it all. As bottom line, nobody is running it at home, all enterprises are at the office.
Around 2017/2018 number of cracks were introduced to erode security of WPA2 PSK making it effectively crackable, not completely insecure, but with some effort insecure. One example out of many: Capturing WPA/WPA2 Handshake [MIC/Hash Cracking Process]
To fix this insecurity, carefully designing the new Wi-Fi security model for 14 years Wi-Fi Alliance introduced WPA3. The un-cracable version. EAP is still there in WPA3. Insecure PSK has been obsoleted and replaced by Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) which is claimed to be cracking resistant even for poor passwords.
WPA3 is not bound to radio technology used, but given consumer electronics manufactures, they're not going to add a completely new security feature to old hardware. So, practically we're speaking Wi-Fi 5 or newer. If you're at Wi-Fi 6, you'll definitely get WPA3. Update: Any WAP3 hardware manufactured after 1st July 2020 will have mandatory WPA3, before that it was optional.
Practical Wi-Fi 6
Enough theory. Now we know 802.11ax is secure and pretty fast. Now we need to see how fast (security is really difficult to measure). There is one practical obstacle, though, Wi-Fi 6 hardware at the time of writing this is well ... uncommon. Such access points and clients exist and are even generally available. Me being me, I wouldn't buy a random access point, oh no! My AP will run DD-WRT or OpenWrt. That's the hurdle.
More about that in my next post.
